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A grande invenção nazista.... OS FOGUETES!!
O foguete V2, ou simplesmente V2 (cujo nome-código alemão original era A-4), foi o primeiro mÃssil balÃstico, tendo sido usado pela Alemanha durante as últimas fases da Segunda Guerra Mundial principalmente contra alvos britânicos e belgas. Recebeu este nome porque era uma arma alemã que se seguiu ao V-1, uma bomba que voava como avião a jato.
O engenheiro alemão Wernher von Braun foi um de seus principais desenvolvedores, na estação experimental do exército alemão de Peenemünde. O verdadeiro nome do foguete era Aggregat 4 (A4), mas ele ficou mais conhecido pelo nome Vergeltungswaffe 2 (Arma de Represália 2), dado pelo então Ministro da Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, já que as V2 eram lançadas em represália aos bombardeios aliados.
Até 1942 nenhum foguete grande havia deixado o solo, muito embora todo o funcionamento das V2 e dos futuros foguetes tenham sido descritos muito antes por pioneiros como Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (URSS) e Hermann Oberth (Alemanha). O estadunidense Robert Hutchings Goddard foi mais longe ao construir pequenos foguetes capazes de atingir grandes altitudes.
No entanto, nada se comparava ao desafio dos projetistas da V2: um foguete pesando 14 toneladas, lançado a 80 km de altura, desenvolvendo para isto mais de meio milhão de cavalos-vapor, tudo isto reduzido em um motor de pouco mais de 1,65 m de comprimento e pesando 450 kg.
O projeto da V2 era máxima prioridade dos nazistas, já que o destino da Segunda Guerra Mundial pouco a pouco pendia para o lado dos aliados, e apenas uma arma nova e excepcional poderia mudar este rumo.
As V2 eram propelidas a álcool (mistura de 75% de álcool etÃlico e 25% de água) e oxigênio lÃquido, chamado de lox. Os motores geravam um máximo de 160.000 lbs (72574 kg) de empuxo, desenvolvendo velocidade de 1341 m/s, com um raio de alcance de 321 a 362 km.
Devido à s altas temperaturas do motor, os projetistas da V2, inteligentemente, usaram o próprio álcool combustÃvel como refrigerante do motor. Isto era feito injetando o álcool combustÃvel ao redor do bocal, formando uma pelÃcula protetora.
As manobras de vôo eram feitas por meio de aletas que interferiam na direção do jato do foguete, solução simples se comparada com a dificuldades dos foguetes atuais, em que todo o motor gira para mudar a direção do jato. A orientação de vôo era feita por meio de giroscópios.
Em 1944 Wernher von Braun foi detido pelos nazistas por supostamente ter declarado que as V2 não haviam sido destinadas ao uso militar, mas sim para as futuras viagens espaciais. Tendo dito ou não, von Braun estava certo, e a V2 deixou sua influência permanente no desenvolvimento dos futuros foguetes que seriam usados na exploração espacial.
Com a derrota da Alemanha na Segunda Guerra Mundial, os EUA e a URSS capturaram a maioria dos engenheiros que trabalharam no desenvolvimento da V2 (veja também Operação Paperclip). Verdade é que eles foram relevantes apenas no programa espacial dos EUA, já que os capturados pela URSS não passavam de engenheiros e técnicos de produção. Particularmente importante para os EUA foi a aquisição de Wernher von Braun, um dos principais projetistas alemães, que participou ativamente do programa de mÃsseis balÃsticos dos EUA e depois dos primeiros passos do programa espacial estadunidense.
Sabe-se que em Peenemünde os alemães faziam esforços para dotar a V2 de múltiplos estágios e capacidade para vôos transatlânticos. Diversos testes com foguetes de combustÃvel sólido e múltiplos estágios haviam sido feitos. Quando a Alemanha caiu em 1945, toda esta tecnologia, desenvolvida ao longo de uma década ao custo de milhões de marcos, estava pronta para ser usada pelos aliados vitoriosos.
Length: 117
Rating: 4.70 (25 ratings)
Tags: rockets foguetes ww2 world war segunda guerra misseis german
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Imperial War Museum ~ V2
O foguete V2, ou simplesmente V2 , foi o primeiro mÃssil balÃstico, tendo sido usado pela Alemanha durante as últimas fases da Segunda Guerra Mundial principalmente contra alvos britânicos e belgas, uma bomba que voava como avião a jato.
As V2 eram propelidas a álcool (mistura de 75% de álcool etÃlico e 25% de água) e oxigênio lÃquido, chamado de lox. Os motores geravam um máximo de 160 000 lbs (72574 kg) de empuxo, desenvolvendo velocidade de 1341 m/s, com um raio de alcance de 321 a 362 km. O álcool etÃlico usado nestes foguetes era produzido a partir da batata, que era produzida em abundância principalmente na Prússia Oriental.
Devido à s altas temperaturas do motor, os projetistas da V2, inteligentemente, usaram o próprio álcool combustÃvel como refrigerante do motor. Isto era feito injetando o álcool combustÃvel ao redor do bocal, formando uma pelÃcula protetora.
As manobras de vôo eram feitas por meio de aletas que interferiam na direção do jato do foguete, solução simples se comparada com a dificuldades dos foguetes atuais, em que todo o motor gira para mudar a direção do jato. A orientação de vôo era feita por meio de giroscópios.
O engenheiro alemão Wernher von Braun foi um de seus principais desenvolvedores, na estação experimental do exército alemão de Peenemünde. O verdadeiro nome do foguete era Aggregat 4 (A4), mas ele ficou mais conhecido pelo nome Vergeltungswaffe 2 (Arma de Represália 2), dado pelo então Ministro da Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, já que as V2 eram lançadas em represália aos bombardeios aliados.
Length: 84
Rating: 5.00 (2 ratings)
Tags: art
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Metal Gear Solid 4 - Gameplay Video: RPG Death
PLEASE READ THE DESCRIPTION!!!!!!!
Well today is none other than Metal Gear Solid Day! I like to call this day MGS Day mainly due the fact that Metal Gear Solid 4 has been released! (I bet EVERYONE knew that!) I hope all of you got the game and are enjoying it GREATLY! I don't have the game yet but will soon! Since today is MGS Day, I will be uploading a lot of Metal Gear Solid 4 gameplay videos. Enjoy MGS Day and this video named, "RPG Death".
MGS4 Reviews:
Metal Gear Solid 4 has so far received high praise from critics, with a 93% aggregate rating at Metacritic and a 92% aggregate on Gamerankings. The first review was a 10/10 from PlayStation Official Magazine (UK), commenting "[MSG4] shifts gears constantly, innovating again and again". The game has been awarded 5/5 from GamePro. The game also received perfect scores from PlayStation: The Official Magazine (5/5), Japanese magazine Famitsu (40/40) and Empire Magazine. The game received a 9.9/10 from IGN UK and a 9.5/10 from IGN AU Edge and Eurogamer both gave the game 8/10.
Reviewers were unanimous in approval of the way the title continues and concludes the series. Eurogamer stated that "You could not ask for a funnier, cleverer, more ambitious or inspired or over-the-top conclusion", and IGN Australia found that the result "refines the MGS formula and introduces just enough new (or respectfully influenced) ideas to ensure that it stands on its own as a game". Edge concluded that "it is faithful to its fans, its premise and its heart, delivering an experience that is, in so many ways, without equal", while IGN UK describe it simply as "the ultimate Metal Gear game" and "a dazzling, heart-lifting, voyage of discovery".
The new control scheme ("the ideal balance of intuitiveness and range"), camouflage system and shift to more free-form, "replayable" gameplay (in particular the Drebin Points system and alternatives to "stealthy" play) were particularly highly praised with a few minor annoyances. The variety of set-piece events, details such as the "psyche" meter, and healthy provision of secrets were also remarked upon. Eurogamer tempered their overall praise with concern that one of the chapters may induce "ennui", but noted that the game quickly recovered, while Edge expressed mild disappointment that the "Beauty and the Beast" unit compare poorly to the previous title's main foes, the "Cobra Unit".
The game was also lauded for its technological and artistic achievements, with Edge describing the "Otacon" character as "the real star", and "a gaming revolution" while they found the game's score to be superior to that of many Hollywood offerings. The magazine felt that the few visual shortfalls (such as texture detail) did nothing to detract from the game's overall quality. IGN UK comment that the attention to detail in both visuals and audio represent "sublime brilliance", and remark upon innovations such as the use of split-screen.
Criticism of the game was largely leveled at the storyline, which reviewers found at times to be confusing or poorly executed and with IGN UK advising players to revisit the earlier titles for clarity. However the overall result was praised as emotionally engaging and topical, and characters such as Liquid Ocelot were singled out for the quality of their depiction. It was generally conceded that although the use of cut scenes is more intrusive than it needs to be (comprising "about half of the content of the game" by one estimate, and which "might make you crave action, or wonder why they couldn't have been turned into interactive sequences"), the style is somewhat appropriate given the rest of the series ("in many ways it's a vindication of Kojima's unique interpretation of the video game medium") and unlikely to trouble fans. The addition of a pause function for these story sequences was universally welcomed.
Edge and Eurogamer alike concluded that although the game represents an apotheosis of the series style, it ultimately fails to revitalize it, and will not win over new fans. IGN UK were concerned that the game's hype and widespread praise may lead to disappointment, but feel that objectively, the game is a "masterpiece".
Links:
MGS4's Global Website: http://www.konami.jp/mgs4/us/index.html
MGS4 Teaser Site: http://www.konami.jp/mgs4/en/
Kojima Production's website: http://www.konami.jp/kojima_pro/english/index.html
Konami's website: http://www.konami.com/
Length: 53
Rating: 5.00 (10 ratings)
Tags: metal gear solid guns of the patriots gameplay rpg death hideo kojima productions mgs2 mgs3 mgs4 playstation wwezain
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Personal Content Aggregation: e-Citizenship in Aust- Part 4
Scott Davey discussing web services and personal content aggregation, usability and technologies such as RSS, XML during his keynote speech at the Australian Computer Human Interaction Conference in 2005 on e-Government, e-Citizenship and e-Democracy.
From www.datalink.com.au
Length: 127
Rating: 3.50 (2 ratings)
Tags: e-citizenship e-business business web2.0 services rss xml e-commerce datalink portal website usability
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Metal Gear Solid 4 - Gameplay Video: Sneaking
PLEASE READ THE DESCRIPTION!!!!!!!
Well today is none other than Metal Gear Solid Day! I like to call this day MGS Day mainly due the fact that Metal Gear Solid 4 has been released! (I bet EVERYONE knew that!) I hope all of you got the game and are enjoying it GREATLY! I don't have the game yet but will soon! Since today is MGS Day, I will be uploading a lot of Metal Gear Solid 4 gameplay videos. Enjoy MGS Day and this video named, "Sneaking".
MGS4 Reviews:
Metal Gear Solid 4 has so far received high praise from critics, with a 93% aggregate rating at Metacritic and a 92% aggregate on Gamerankings. The first review was a 10/10 from PlayStation Official Magazine (UK), commenting "[MSG4] shifts gears constantly, innovating again and again". The game has been awarded 5/5 from GamePro. The game also received perfect scores from PlayStation: The Official Magazine (5/5), Japanese magazine Famitsu (40/40) and Empire Magazine. The game received a 9.9/10 from IGN UK and a 9.5/10 from IGN AU Edge and Eurogamer both gave the game 8/10.
Reviewers were unanimous in approval of the way the title continues and concludes the series. Eurogamer stated that "You could not ask for a funnier, cleverer, more ambitious or inspired or over-the-top conclusion", and IGN Australia found that the result "refines the MGS formula and introduces just enough new (or respectfully influenced) ideas to ensure that it stands on its own as a game". Edge concluded that "it is faithful to its fans, its premise and its heart, delivering an experience that is, in so many ways, without equal", while IGN UK describe it simply as "the ultimate Metal Gear game" and "a dazzling, heart-lifting, voyage of discovery".
The new control scheme ("the ideal balance of intuitiveness and range"), camouflage system and shift to more free-form, "replayable" gameplay (in particular the Drebin Points system and alternatives to "stealthy" play) were particularly highly praised with a few minor annoyances. The variety of set-piece events, details such as the "psyche" meter, and healthy provision of secrets were also remarked upon. Eurogamer tempered their overall praise with concern that one of the chapters may induce "ennui", but noted that the game quickly recovered, while Edge expressed mild disappointment that the "Beauty and the Beast" unit compare poorly to the previous title's main foes, the "Cobra Unit".
The game was also lauded for its technological and artistic achievements, with Edge describing the "Otacon" character as "the real star", and "a gaming revolution" while they found the game's score to be superior to that of many Hollywood offerings. The magazine felt that the few visual shortfalls (such as texture detail) did nothing to detract from the game's overall quality. IGN UK comment that the attention to detail in both visuals and audio represent "sublime brilliance", and remark upon innovations such as the use of split-screen.
Criticism of the game was largely leveled at the storyline, which reviewers found at times to be confusing or poorly executed and with IGN UK advising players to revisit the earlier titles for clarity. However the overall result was praised as emotionally engaging and topical, and characters such as Liquid Ocelot were singled out for the quality of their depiction. It was generally conceded that although the use of cut scenes is more intrusive than it needs to be (comprising "about half of the content of the game" by one estimate, and which "might make you crave action, or wonder why they couldn't have been turned into interactive sequences"), the style is somewhat appropriate given the rest of the series ("in many ways it's a vindication of Kojima's unique interpretation of the video game medium") and unlikely to trouble fans. The addition of a pause function for these story sequences was universally welcomed.
Edge and Eurogamer alike concluded that although the game represents an apotheosis of the series style, it ultimately fails to revitalize it, and will not win over new fans. IGN UK were concerned that the game's hype and widespread praise may lead to disappointment, but feel that objectively, the game is a "masterpiece".
Links:
MGS4's Global Website: http://www.konami.jp/mgs4/us/index.html
MGS4 Teaser Site: http://www.konami.jp/mgs4/en/
Kojima Production's website: http://www.konami.jp/kojima_pro/english/index.html
Konami's website: http://www.konami.com/
Length: 56
Rating: 4.80 (10 ratings)
Tags: metal gear solid guns of the patriots gameplay sneaking hideo kojima productions mgs2 mgs3 mgs4 playstation wwezain
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